Gastroenterology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the digestive system. Gastroenterologists use various procedures to examine and treat conditions affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here are some commonly performed procedures in gastroenterology:

1. Upper GI Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure involves the use of an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera on the end, to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). It is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as ulcers, inflammation, bleeding, and tumors in the upper GI tract. During an EGD, biopsies can be taken for further evaluation.
2. Lower GI Endoscopy (Colonoscopy): Colonoscopy is a procedure used to visualize the large intestine (colon) and the rectum. It involves the insertion of a long, flexible tube with a camera and light source into the rectum. Colonoscopy is primarily used for the early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer by identifying polyps or tumors. It can also help diagnose other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or diverticulosis.
3. ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): ERCP combines endoscopy with X-ray imaging to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the bile ducts and the pancreatic duct. It involves the insertion of an endoscope through the mouth, into the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine. A contrast dye is then injected into the ducts, and X-rays are taken to visualize any blockages, stones, or tumors. ERCP can also be used to perform therapeutic procedures such as removing gallstones or placing stents to relieve obstructions.